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The Queen of Louis XVI of France, when told that the population could not afford bread, is reported to have said, 'Then let them eat cake. Louis XVI at Encyclopedia.com. Make research projects and school reports about Louis XVI easy with credible articles from our FREE. France from Louis XV to Napoleon (2002) Amazon.com, excerpt and text search; Mignet, Fran. One way in which King Louis XVI of France and Czar Nicholas II of Russia are similar is that both (1) were executed by revolutionaries (2). Louis XVI of France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Louis XVI (2. 3 August 1. His father, Louis, Dauphin of France, was the son and heir apparent of Louis XV of France. Due to the Dauphin's death in 1. Louis succeeded his grandfather in 1. The first part of Louis' reign was marked by attempts to reform France in accordance with Enlightenment ideals. These included efforts to abolish serfdom, remove the taille, and increase tolerance toward non- Catholics. The French nobility reacted to the proposed reforms with hostility, and successfully opposed their implementation; increased discontent among the common people ensued. From 1. 77. 6 Louis XVI actively supported the North American colonists, who were seeking their independence from Great Britain, which was realized in the 1. Treaty of Paris. The ensuing debt and financial crisis contributed to the unpopularity of the ancien r. Discontent among the members of France's middle and lower classes resulted in strengthened opposition to the French aristocracy and to the absolute monarchy, of which Louis and his queen Marie Antoinette were viewed as representative. In 1. 78. 9, the Bastille was stormed during riots in Paris, and the French Revolution began. His indecisiveness and conservatism led some elements of the people of France eventually to view him as a symbol of the perceived tyranny of the ancien r. His disastrous flight to Varennes in June 1. The credibility of the king was deeply undermined and the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic became an ever increasing possibility. In a context of civil and international war, Louis XVI was suspended and arrested as part of the insurrection of 1. August 1. 79. 2 just one month before the constitutional monarchy was abolished and a republic declared. He was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of high treason, and executed by guillotine on 2. January 1. 79. 3 as a desacralized French citizen known as . Louis Xvi Of France Movie AwardThe young Austrian princess Marie Antoinette (Norma Shearer) is arranged to marry Louis XVI (Robert Morley), future king of France. When Louis XV (John Barrymore. Could the phimosis of Louis XVI. Louis Auguste, Dauphin of France. January 21, 1793) succeeded his grandfather (Louis XV of France) as King of France on May 10, 1774. King of France (1715-1774) who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Years' War (1756-1763. The historian Colin Jones argues that Louis XV left France with serious financial difficulties. In the meantime, the French Republic had been proclaimed the 2. September 1. 79. 2, bringing to an end more than a thousand years of continuous French monarchy. Louis XVI is the only King of France ever to be executed. Out of seven children, he was the third son of Louis, the Dauphin of France, and thus the grandson of Louis XV of France and of his consort, Maria Leszczy. His mother was Marie- Jos. A strong and healthy boy, but very shy, Louis- Auguste excelled in his studies and had a strong taste for Latin, history, geography, and astronomy, and became fluent in Italian and English. He enjoyed physical activities such as hunting with his grandfather, and rough- playing with his younger brothers, Louis- Stanislas, comte de Provence, and Charles- Philippe, comte d'Artois. From an early age, Louis- Auguste had been encouraged in another of his hobbies: locksmithing, which was seen as a 'useful' pursuit for a child. His mother, who had never recovered from the loss of her husband, died on 1. March 1. 76. 7, also from tuberculosis. Throughout Louis's education he received a mixture of studies particular to religion, morality, and humanities. France's alliance with Austria had pulled France into the disastrous Seven Years' War, in which France was defeated by the British, both in Europe and in North America. By the time that Louis- Auguste and Marie- Antoinette were married, the people of France generally regarded the Austrian alliance with dislike, and Marie- Antoinette was seen as an unwelcome foreigner. Can't the King do it? One suggestion is that Louis- Auguste suffered from a physiological dysfunction. Louis's doctors were not in favour of the surgery . The argument for phimosis and a resulting operation is mostly seen to originate from Stefan Zweig. This would not have been possible if he had undergone a circumcision; at the very least, he would have been unable to go out hunting for a few weeks after. Their consummation problems have now been attributed to other factors, around which controversy and argument still continue today. In the long run, and in spite of all their earlier difficulty, the Royal couple became the parents of four children. He had an enormous responsibility, as the government was deeply in debt, and resentment to 'despotic' monarchy was on the rise. Louis also felt woefully unqualified for the job. His brothers, became fellows of the masonic lodge Trois Fr. His concentration on religious uniformity, and pressure from the heavily Jansenist Parlement, ultimately resulted in his decision to expel Jesuits from France. While none doubted Louis's intellectual ability to rule France, it was quite clear that, although raised as the Dauphin since 1. Louis's desire to be loved by his people is evident in the prefaces of many of his edicts that would often explain the nature and good intention of his actions as benefiting the people. When questioned about his decision to recall Parlement Louis made a comment that, . This edict effectively nullified the Edict of Fontainebleau that had been law for 1. It granted non- Catholics . The Edict of Versailles did not legally proclaim freedom of religion in France . So, in 1. 77. 6, Turgot was dismissed and Malesherbes resigned, to be replaced by Jacques Necker. Necker supported the American Revolution, and he carried out a policy of taking out large international loans instead of raising taxes. He attempted to gain public favor in 1. French Crown's expenses and accounts, the Compte rendu au roi. This allowed the people of France to view the king's accounts in modest surplus. Again this failed, so Louis convoked the Assembly of Notables in 1. Calonne. When the nobles were informed of the extent of the debt, they were shocked into rejecting the plan. This negative turn of events signaled to Louis that he had lost the ability to rule as an absolute monarch, and he fell into depression. As a last- ditch attempt to get new monetary reforms approved, Louis XVI convoked the Estates- General on 8 August 1. May 1. 78. 9. With the convocation of the Estates- General, as in many other instances during his reign, Louis placed his reputation and public image in the hands of those who were perhaps not as sensitive to the desires of the French public as he was. Because it had been so long since the Estates- General had been convened, there was some debate as to which procedures should be followed. Ultimately, the parlement de Paris agreed that . For example, the First and Second Estates proceeded into the assembly wearing their finest garments, while the Third Estate was required to wear plain, oppressively somber black, an act of alienation that Louis would likely have not condoned. He seemed to regard the deputies of the Estates- General with at least respect: in a wave of self- important patriotism, members of the Estates refused to remove their hats in the King's presence, so Louis removed his to them. Louis's attempts to control it resulted in the Tennis Court Oath (serment du jeu de paume), on 2. June, and the declaration of the National Constituent Assembly on 9 July. Within three short months, the majority of the king's executive authority had been transferred to the elected representatives of the people's nation. The storming of the Bastille on 1. July served to reinforce and emphasize this radical change in the mind of the masses. Britain's victories had seen them capture most of France's colonial territories. While some were returned to France at the 1. Treaty of Paris a vast swathe of North America was ceded to the British. This had led to a strategy amongst the French leadership of seeking to rebuild the French military in order to fight a war of revenge against Britain, in which it was hoped the lost colonies could be recovered. France still maintained a strong influence in the West Indies, and in India maintained five trading posts, leaving opportunities for disputes and power- play with Great Britain. Louis XVI was convinced by Pierre Beaumarchais to secretly send supplies, ammunition and guns from 1. Treaty of Alliance in early 1. Britain. Spain and the Netherlands soon joined the French in an anti- British coalition. After 1. 77. 8 Britain switched its focus to the West Indies, as defending the sugar islands was considered more important than trying to recover the thirteen colonies. France and Spain planned to invade the British Isles with the Armada of 1. France's initial military assistance to the American rebels was a disappointment with defeats at Rhode Island and Savannah. In 1. 78. 0 France sent Rochambeau and de Grasse to help the Americans, along with large land and naval forces. The French expeditionary force arrived in North America in July 1. The appearance of French fleets in the Caribbean was followed by the capture of a number of the sugar islands, including Tobago and Grenada. However, the British defeated the main French fleet in 1. Jamaica. France gained little from the Treaty of Paris (of 1. Tobago and Senegal. Louis was wholly disappointed in his aims of recovering Canada, India and other islands in the West Indies from Britain, as they were too well defended and the Royal Navy made any invasion attempt impossible. The war cost 1,0. Necker concealed the crisis from the public by explaining only that ordinary revenues exceeded ordinary expenses, and not mentioning the loans. After he was forced from office in 1. As a consequence Bussy moved his troops to the Isle de France (now Mauritius) and later contributed to the French effort in India in 1. A France- Vietnam alliance was signed through the Treaty of Versailles of 1. Louis XVI and Prince Nguy. As the French regime was under considerable strain, France was unable to follow through with the application of the Treaty, but Mgr Pigneau de Behaine persisted in his efforts and with the support of French individuals and traders mounted a force of French soldiers and officers that would contribute to the modernization of the armies of Nguy. In 1. 78. 5, he appointed La P. Louis XVI of France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.(Redirected from Louis XVI)French Monarchy- Capetian Dynasty(Bourbon branch)Henry IVChildren Louis XIII Gaston d'Orl. Suspended and arrested during the Insurrection of the 1. August, he was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of treason, and executed on January 2. His execution signaled the end of the absolutist monarchy in France and would eventually bring about the rise of Napoleon. Beloved by the people at first, his indecisiveness and conservatism led the people to reject and persecute him for the perceived tyranny of the former kings of France. During the French Revolution, he was given the family name Capet (a faulty reference to Hugh Capet, the founder of the dynasty), and was called Louis Capet in an attempt to desecrate his status as king. He was also informally nicknamed Louis le Dernier (. Today, historians and Frenchmen in general have a more nuanced view of Louis XVI, who is seen as an honest man with good intentions but who was probably unfit for the Herculean task of reforming the monarchy, and who was used as a scapegoat by the Revolutionaries. Family. Louis' father, the Dauphin (1. Louis XV of France, and died at age 3. Louis XV was still alive. His mother was Marie- Jos. They had four children: Politics. The government was deeply in debt. The radical reforms of Turgot and Malesherbes disaffected the nobles (parlements), and Turgot was dismissed and Malesherbes resigned in 1. Jacques Necker. Louis supported the American Revolution in 1. Treaty of Paris (1. French gained little except an addition to the country's enormous debt. Necker had resigned in 1. Calonne and Brienne, before being restored in 1. In 1. 78. 8, Louis ordered the first election of the Estates- General since 1. The election was one of the events that transformed the general malaise into the French Revolution, which began in June 1. The Third Estate had declared itself the National Assembly; Louis' attempts to control it resulted in the Tennis Court Oath (serment du jeu de paume, June 2. National Constituent Assembly on July 9, and the storming of the Bastille on July 1. In October, the royal family was forced to move from the Palace of Versailles to the Tuileries Palace in Paris. Louis himself was very popular and not unobliging to the social, political, and economic reforms of the Revolution. Recent scholarship has concluded that Louis suffered from clinical depression, which left him prone to bouts of severe indecisiveness, during which times his wife, the unpopular Queen Marie Antoinette, assumed effective responsibility for acting for the Crown. The revolution's principles of popular sovereignty, though central to democratic principles of later eras, marked a decisive break from the absolute monarchical principle of throne and altar that was at the heart of contemporary governance. As a result, the revolution was opposed by almost all of the previous governing elite in France and by practically all the governments of Europe. Leading figures in the initial revolutionary movement themselves were questioning the principles of popular control of government. Louis was nowhere near as reactionary as his right- wing brothers, the comte d'Artois and the comte de Provence, and he sent repeated messages publicly and privately calling on them to halt their attempts to launch counter- coups (often through his secretly nominated regent, former minister de Brienne). However, he was alienated from the new government both by its challenging of the traditional role of the monarch and in its treatment of him and his family. He was particularly irked by being kept effective prisoner in the Tuileries, where his wife was forced humiliatingly to have revolutionary soldiers in her private bedroom watching her as she slept, and by the refusal of the new regime to allow him to have Catholic confessors and priests of his choice rather than 'constitutional priests' created by the revolution. End of reign. On June 2. Louis attempted to flee secretly from Paris to modern- day Belgium (then part of the Austrian Empire) with his family in the hope of forcing a moderate swing in the revolution than was deemed possible in radical Paris. However, flaws in the escape plan caused sufficient delays to enable them to be recognised and captured at Varennes. Supposedly Louis was captured while trying to make a purchase at a store, where the clerk recognised his face on the coinage. He was returned to Paris, where he remained nominally as constitutional king, though under effective house- arrest until 1. On July 2. 5, 1. 79. Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick- Luneburg, commander of the Prussian forces, issued a manifesto (the so- called Brunswick Manifesto) threatening the inhabitants of Paris with exemplary vengeance if the Royal family was harmed and threatening the French public with exemplary punishment if they resisted the Imperial and Prussian armies or the forced reinstatement of the monarchy. The manifesto was taken to be the final proof of a collusion between Louis and foreign powers in a conspiracy against his own country. Louis was officially arrested on August 1. On September 2. 1, 1. National Assembly declared France to be a republic. Louis was tried (from December 1. National Assembly. He was sentenced to death (January 1. King Louis XVI was guillotined in front of a cheering crowd on January 2. On his death, his eight- year- old son, Louis- Charles, automatically became to royalists and some international states the de jure King Louis XVII of France, despite France having been declared a republic. See also. Categories: 1. |
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